A practical reference on REV-ERB agonist: what it is, how it behaves, what the literature reports, and where the honest uncertainties sit.
Reviewed 2025-05-06. Anything still debated is marked as such rather than presented as settled.
Regulatory treatment of SR9009 reflects its investigational status. The compound has no approved human therapeutic indication, and sports authorities prohibit its use. It appears on anti-doping lists as a non-approved substance or metabolic modulator, depending on the list version. Products sold online as research chemicals are not quality-controlled medicines, so their identity and purity can differ from the label. Such products may also contain unlisted compounds, which complicates both testing and safety assessment.
Scientific discussion of SR9009 often separates animal evidence from human anecdote. Rodent studies provide controlled data on endurance, metabolism, and gene expression, but they use specific strains, doses, and treatment durations. Human reports are mostly uncontrolled and cannot establish cause and effect. Open questions include oral bioavailability, tissue distribution, metabolic stability, and long-term effects. Review articles generally call for more rigorous pharmacokinetic and safety research before any clinical use could be considered.
Analytical identification of SR9009 typically relies on liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. In biological samples, researchers first separate the compound from matrix components using protein precipitation, liquid-liquid extraction, or solid-phase extraction. High-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy can support structural confirmation of reference materials. Because SR9009 is a small, relatively lipophilic molecule, reverse-phase columns and acidic mobile phases are common. Laboratories often include isotope-labeled internal standards to improve quantification and to correct for ion suppression.
Stability depends on physical form, temperature, light exposure, and solvent. Solid SR9009 is generally stored cold and dry, with protection from light to limit degradation. Dimethyl sulfoxide stocks are common for laboratory work, but repeated freeze-thaw cycles can reduce compound integrity. Aqueous solutions may be less stable than organic stocks, and the ethyl ester in the structure can be susceptible to hydrolysis under certain conditions. Researchers typically validate storage conditions and recheck purity before quantitative experiments, especially when using archived material.
Regulatory treatment of SR9009 varies by country and region. It is not approved as a pharmaceutical, and several jurisdictions restrict its sale for human consumption. Some authorities classify it as a research chemical, a prescription-only substance, or a prohibited performance-enhancing agent in sport. Purchasers may encounter certificates of analysis, but these documents do not guarantee identity, purity, or legality. In research settings, institutional safety reviews and controlled procurement help ensure that materials are handled under appropriate oversight. The absence of harmonized rules means that legal status can change and requires verification.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Regulatory status | Not approved for human use | Investigational status in most countries |
| Sports status | Prohibited by WADA | Classified as non-approved or metabolic modulator |
| Common analytical method | LC-MS/MS | Used for trace detection in biological samples |
| Typical test matrices | Urine and blood | Sample choice depends on testing program |
| Human trial data | None published | Effects and safety are not established |
Research interest in SR9009 grew from studies showing improved running endurance in mice after short treatment periods. Those experiments linked the compound to increased mitochondrial content and fatty acid oxidation in muscle, but the findings come from animal models and specific dosing schedules. Independent replication has been limited, and the pathways connecting REV-ERB activation to exercise performance are still being mapped. Whether similar responses occur in humans is an open question.
SR9009 is often grouped with compounds studied for circadian and metabolic regulation rather than with classical anabolic steroids. Its interactions with nuclear receptors differ from those of androgen receptor ligands, and its proposed mechanisms involve transcriptional control rather than direct hormone signaling. Some sources classify it as a metabolic modulator because of observed effects on energy utilization. The distinction matters for regulation and for interpreting research results across different compound classes.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule developed as a REV-ERB agonist. It binds to REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ, nuclear receptors that help regulate circadian rhythms and metabolic gene expression. In cell and animal studies, the compound alters lipid and glucose handling and influences skeletal muscle oxidative capacity. Its exact effects in humans remain largely uncharacterized because controlled clinical trials have not been reported. The molecule is frequently described in preclinical literature as a metabolic modulator.
SR9009 is a synthetic small molecule studied as an agonist of the nuclear receptors REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ. It is not an approved medicine and has no established human therapeutic use. The compound appears in scientific literature as a tool for probing circadian and metabolic regulation. Online sellers often label it as a research chemical, sometimes using the nickname Stenabolic. Its chemical identity is distinct from selective androgen receptor modulators, stimulants, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta agonists. Researchers use it mainly in cell and animal experiments.
At the molecular level, SR9009 binds REV-ERBα and REV-ERBβ and alters their repressive activity on target genes. These nuclear receptors help regulate the circadian clock, lipid synthesis, glucose metabolism, and inflammatory pathways. By changing transcription, the compound can shift the timing or magnitude of downstream metabolic processes in model systems. It does not act through androgen receptors or adenosine receptors, which distinguishes it from several substances sold for athletic performance. Whether the same transcriptional changes occur in humans at tolerable exposures remains an open question because controlled human studies are lacking.
Preclinical reports describe effects on exercise endurance, mitochondrial content, and lipid profiles in rodents, but these findings come from specific experimental conditions. Many studies use high doses or delivery methods that may not translate directly to human use. SR9009 has been reported to have low oral bioavailability and a short half-life, which complicates interpretation of oral dosing studies. It is not established as safe or effective for any indication. Literature discussions often separate its pharmacological mechanism from unverified claims made in fitness and supplement markets.
Solid-liquid extraction based ambient ionization is based on the use of a charged spray, for example electrospray to create a liquid film on the sample surface. Molecules on the surface are extracted into the solvent. The action of the primary droplets hitting the surface produces secondary droplets that are the source of ions for the mass spectrometer. Desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) is one of the original ambient ionization sources and uses an electrospray source to create charged droplets that are directed at a solid sample. The charged droplets pick up the sample through interaction with the surface and then form highly charged ions that can be sampled into a mass spectrometer. Desorption atmospheric pressure photoionization (DAPPI) is a solid-liquid extraction ambient ionization method that enables the direct analysis of samples deposited on surfaces by means of a jet of hot solvent vapour and ultraviolet light. The hot jet thermally desorbs the sample from a surface and the vaporized sample is ionized by a vacuum ultraviolet light and consequently sampled into a mass spectrometer.
Vaginal rings are most commonly used for birth control purposes but can also be used to release compounds that treat and prevent STDs as well. The rings come in one standard size that fits most women and are made of flexible materials that contain the desired compound, whether that be hormones for birth control or other compounds for STD treatment. These substances are then slowly released over an extended period of time, typically a month. This is a convenient drug delivery method because they can easily be inserted and removed and do not prohibit intercourse. For birth control purposes, the vaginal ring is removed after 3 week and a new one is inserted a week later. Vaginal rings are also often used to treat symptoms of menopause, and these rings are replaced after a 3 month use. STD prevention and treatment through the use of vaginal rings is a newer application of such a device, but holds an advantage as a low maintenance option for women in areas with less access to regular healthcare.
ATP hydrolysis by AAA ATPases is proposed to involve nucleophilic attack on the ATP gamma-phosphate by an activated water molecule, leading to movement of the N-terminal and C-terminal AAA subdomains relative to each other. This movement allows the exertion of mechanical force, amplified by other ATPase domains within the same oligomeric structure. The additional domains in the protein allow for regulation or direction of the force towards different goals.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Oparin was born in Uglich in 1894 into a merchant family. He and his parents soon moved to Kokayevo, a nearby village. Oparin had an older brother, Dmitry, who became an economist. Oparin graduated from the Moscow State University in 1917 and became a professor of biochemistry there in 1927. Many of his early papers were about plant enzymes and their role in metabolism. His first experimental studies were devoted to the chemistry of respiration. In them, he showed that chlorogenic acid is an essential component of redox reactions in the cell. In 1924 he put forward a hypothesis suggesting that life on Earth developed through a gradual chemical evolution of carbon-based molecules in the Earth's primordial soup. In 1935, along with academician Aleksei Bach, he founded the Biochemistry Institute of the Soviet Academy of Sciences. In 1939, Oparin became a Corresponding Member of the Academy, and, in 1946, a full member. In 1937, he organized the Department of Technical Biochemistry at the Moscow Technological Institute of Food Industry. In 1940s and 1950s, Oparin supported the theories of Trofim Lysenko and Olga Lepeshinskaya, who made claims about "the origin of cells from noncellular matter". "Taking the party line" helped advance his career. However, according to cytologist Vladimir Alexandrov:
The total nitrogen content of organic matter is mainly formed by the amino groups in proteins. The total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) is a measure of nitrogen widely used in the analysis of (waste) water, soil, food, feed and organic matter in general. As the name suggests, the Kjeldahl method is applied. More sensitive methods are available. Media related to Amino acids at Wikimedia Commons
Cotadutide is an experimental drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. It lowers blood glucose levels by mimicking the human hormones glucagon-like peptide 1 and glucagon, which play a role in blood sugar regulation. The drug is a peptide that is injected under the skin. Cotadutide is in Phase II clinical trials as of February 2021. Cotadutide, a therapeutic agent, was undergoing Phase II clinical trials. This stage of trials typically involves evaluating the drug's effectiveness and further assessing its safety in a larger group of participants, compared to earlier phases. Glucagon (medication)
Proteomics permits the quantitative analysis and detection of changes to proteins or protein biomarkers. Protein biomarkers detect a variety of biological changes, such as protein-protein interactions, post-translational modifications and immunological responses. Protein biomarkers are widely used in diagnostics due to their direct involvement in cellular functions and pathways. Protein biomarkers can provide direct information about the functional state of cells and tissues, offering insights into disease mechanisms. Techniques such as mass spectrometry, immunohistochemistry, ELISA, and flow cytometry are employed to detect protein biomarkers, which can indicate protein presence and quantification. For example, in about 20% of breast cancers, the cancer cells have an overexpression of the HER2 gene, leading to more aggressive tumor growth. HER2 status can be determined using IHC and FISH. HER2-positive breast cancers are treated with targeted therapies that specifically target the HER2 protein, inhibiting the growth of cancer cells.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
No. It is an investigational compound without approved therapeutic indications. It is sold for research purposes only in many jurisdictions.
Sports authorities prohibit it because it is not approved for human use and has potential performance-enhancing effects. It appears on anti-doping lists under non-approved or metabolic modulator categories.
Detection usually uses liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The method targets the parent compound or its metabolites in urine or blood.
The most common approach is liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, often after extraction from blood, urine, or tissue. Ultraviolet detection and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy are used mainly for reference material characterization. Isotope-labeled internal standards improve accuracy.